Reformulating the Legal Liability of the National Land Agency for Juridical Data Errors in the Issuance of Electronic Land Certificates
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.63477/jols.v3i1.680Keywords:
Electronic Land Certificate, Juridical Data, Legal Liability, National Land Agency, Land Registration Assurance FundAbstract
The rapid issuance of electronic land certificates, reaching about 6.7 million by March 2026, has not been matched by an adequate liability regime for juridical data errors. This study analyses how the liability of the National Land Agency (BPN) for such errors is constructed and proposes its reformulation. Using normative legal research with statutory, conceptual, and comparative approaches covering England and Wales, New South Wales, and the Netherlands, it finds that liability norms are fragmented, individualise responsibility on officials, place the burden of proving fault on citizens despite information asymmetry, and provide only symbolic compensation. Formal data-migration verification also produces a digital legitimacy amplification of legacy errors. The article proposes a Digital Risk-Based Tiered Liability Model comprising a corrective-preventive tier, an objective institutional tier funded by a Land Registration Assurance Fund, and a limited personal tier, supported by an audit-trail-based reversal of the burden of proof. Amendments to Government Regulation 24/1997, Ministerial Regulation 3/2023, and Government Regulation 43/1991 are recommended.
Downloads
References
Afifah Noviari Rahmaulia, Ahmad Siboy, & Sunardi. (2026). Juridical analysis of the redaction I electronic certificates regarding land area. Journal of Legal and Cultural Analytics, 5(3), 651–666. https://doi.org/10.55927/jlca.v5i3.17224
Aji Cakti. (2024). Wamen ATR: Implementasi sertifikat tanah elektronik lampaui target. ANTARA News Jambi. https://jambi.antaranews.com/berita/586015/wamen-atr-implementasi-sertifikat-tanah-elektronik-lampaui-target
Boedi Harsono. (2008). Hukum agraria Indonesia: Sejarah pembentukan Undang-Undang Pokok Agraria, isi dan pelaksanaannya (Edisi Revi). Djambatan.
Danielle Keats Citron. (2008). Technological due process. Washington University Law Review, 85(6), 1249–1313. https://repository.library.washu.edu/law_lawreview/vol85/iss6/2/
Danti Yudistira, & Budi Santoso. (2024). Kekuatan hukum sertipikat tanah elektronik sebagai pembuktian di pengadilan. NOTARIUS, 17(3), 2173–2190. https://doi.org/10.14710/vol%viss%ipp%p
Elizabeth Cooke. (2003). The new law of land registration (Hart Publishing (ed.)). Bloomsbury Publishing. https://www.bloomsbury.com/uk/new-law-of-land-registration-9781847316868/
Fariz Muhammad Iqbal. (2025). Legal analysis of the protection and legal certainty of electronic land certificates as an instrument of land reform in Indonesia. KRTHA Bhayangkara, 19(1), 176–187. https://doi.org/10.31599/krtha.v19i1.3628
H L Robinson. (1952). The assurance fund in British Columbia. The Canadian Bar Review, 30(5), 445–465. https://cbr.cba.org/index.php/cbr/article/view/1966
Iwan Permadi, & Herlindah. (2023). Hukum pertanahan nasional menuju sistem hak atas tanah yang berkelanjutan, adil dan berbasis digital. Digital Evidence and Electronic Signature Law Review, 20, 47–61. https://doi.org/10.14296/deeslr.v20i.5636
Laras Susanti. (2025). The development of concept and adjudication of tort against the government following the enactment of PERMA 02/2019. Viva Justicia: Journal of Private Law, 1(2), 337–359. https://journal.ugm.ac.id/v3/vivajusticia/article/view/22461
M. Aunul Hakim, & Sheila Kusuma Wardani Amnesti. (2022). Problematika penanganan gugatan perbuatan melanggar hukum oleh pemerintah (onrechtmatige overheidsdaad) pada Peradilan Tata Usaha Negara. De Jure: Jurnal Hukum Dan Syar’iah, 14(1), 125–139. https://doi.org/10.18860/j-fsh.v14i1.15833
Mark Bovens. (2007). Analysing and assessing accountability: A conceptual framework. European Law Journal, 13(4), 447–468. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0386.2007.00378.x
Mohammad Roesli, & Yeni Ika Pratiwi. (2026). Digital land certification in Indonesia: A trilemma of law, tech, and society. International Journal of Law and Society (IJLS), 5(1), 187–209. https://doi.org/10.59683/ijls.v5i1.175
Muhammad Riziq Aji Haidar. (2026). Review of legal certainty of electronic land certificates in the land registration system in Indonesia: Jurisprudence analysis and challenges of evidence in court. Indonesian Journal of Agrarian Law, 3(2), 1032–1063. https://doi.org/10.15294/jal.v3i2.44702
Nur Susilowati, Ida Nurlinda, & Mulyani Djakaria. (2020). Analisis prospek pemberlakukan sistem pendaftaran tanah publikasi positif dan aspek kepastian hukum pemegang hak atas tanah. Jurnal Ilmu Hukum Kenotariatan, 4(1), 52–67. https://doi.org/10.23920/acta.v4i1.257
Peraturan Menteri Agraria Dan Tata Ruang/Kepala Badan Pertanahan Nasional Nomor 3 Tahun 2023 Tentang Penerbitan Dokumen Elektronik Dalam Kegiatan Pendaftaran Tanah (2023).
Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 18 Tahun 2021 Tentang Hak Pengelolaan, Hak Atas Tanah, Satuan Rumah Susun, Dan Pendaftaran Tanah (2021).
Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 24 Tahun 1997 Tentang Pendaftaran Tanah, Pub. L. No. Pasal 32 (1997).
Peter Mahmud Marzuki. (2008). Penelitian Hukum (4th ed.). Kencana.
Philipus M. Hadjon. (1987). Perlindungan hukum bagi rakyat di Indonesia. Bina Ilmu.
Ridwan HR. (2018). Hukum Administrasi Negara. Raja Grafindo Persada.
Siaran Pers. (2025). Jumlah Laporan Masyarakat ke Ombudsman RI Meningkat. Ombudsman. https://ombudsman.go.id/pers/r/jumlah-laporan-masyarakat-ke-ombudsman-ri-meningkat
Trisia Siska. (2026). Tantangan transisi sertifikat tanah dari cetak ke elektronik. Hukumonline. https://www.hukumonline.com/stories/article/lt6a28acb10bee6/tantangan-transisi-sertifikat-tanah-dari-cetak-ke-elektronik/
Undang-Undang Nomor 5 Tahun 1960 Tentang Peraturan Dasar Pokok-Pokok Agraria, Pub. L. No. Pasal 19.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Ragil Ibnu Hajar Hajar, Maya Intan Pratiwi, Surizki Febrianto
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
